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It takes a long time to design, manufacture, and isolate antigens and to develop and manufacture a new vaccine at scale. However, scalable and uniform synthesis of mRNAs expressing these antigens take much shorter in time and costs significantly less. Another advantage of mRNA encoded antigen production is rendering the cold chain process obsolete. RNA can be formulated to be stable at high ambient temperature and encapsulating mRNA with lipid nanoparticles protects mRNA from RNase enzymes.